Why in the news? China completed the construction of its Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) whereas the Indian project of building a Neutrino Observatory is still uncertain. Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO) What is it?: The Indian Neutrino Observatory (INO) is … Continue reading →

Why in the news? INS Mahe was commissioned on 24 November 2025 at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. INS Mahe What is it?: INS Mahe is the first of the indigenously designed and built Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), built … Continue reading →

Layers of Atmosphere Based on Temperature and Density Troposphere The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere. Altitude is 18km at the equator and 8km at the poles. Temperature and water vapour content in the troposphere decrease rapidly with … Continue reading →

Composition of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is a mixture of many gases. In addition, it contains huge numbers of solid and liquid particles, collectively called ‘aerosols’. Some of the gases may be regarded as permanent atmospheric components which remain in … Continue reading →