General Studies 1

The term plate tectonics was first used by Tuzo Wilson. The Plate Tectonics theory was first published by W.J Morgan in 1962. It deals with dynamic movement of earth’s crust by endogenic forces. The theory is based on scientific mapping … Continue reading →

Development The hypothesis of seafloor spreading was put forward by H. Harry Hess in 1960. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. Basaltic magma rises from the fractures and cools on the ocean floor … Continue reading →

Idea The hypothesis of seafloor spreading was put forward by H. Harry Hess in 1960. Basis Theory for Seafloor Spreading Theory Convection Current Theory Put forward by Arthur Holmes in the 1930s. The theory discussed the possibility of convection currents … Continue reading →

Development Continental Drift theory was put forth by Alfred Wegener in 1912. According to Wegener, all the continents formed a single continental mass which is called “Pangaea” and this supercontinent was surrounded by a mega ocean called “Panthalassa ”. Later … Continue reading →

India through the eyes of Travellers Megasthenes (302- 298 BCE) Ancient Greek historian, diplomat and explorer in the Hellenistic period. Visited during the reign of Chandra Gupta Maurya. Observed that the caste system existed in India. But  there was no … Continue reading →

Maratha Kingdom The Marathas, spearheaded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, emerged as a prominent force in India during the late 17th century. Origins of the Marathas The Marathas originated in the Deccan Plateau, primarily in present-day Maharashtra. Their early history was … Continue reading →

Jahangir: 1605 – 1627 CE Reign: Jahangir’s reign was marked by political stability, a strong economy, and cultural achievements. He ruled over a religiously diverse population with tolerance and acceptance.  Jahangir’s favorite wife Mehr-un-Nisa, also known as Nur Jahan had … Continue reading →

Akbar (1556-1605) Akbar was only thirteen years old when Humayun died. When Akbar’s father died, he was at Kalanaur, Punjab, therefore his coronation took place there in 1556. Bairam Khan, his instructor, and Humayun’s favorite and confidant acted as the … Continue reading →

Mughal Empire: 1526 – 1857 CE Babur founded the Mughal empire in 1526, after defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat. The “Great Mughals” dynasty, consisting of Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, made significant contributions … Continue reading →

Bahmani Empire: (1347-1527 CE) The Bahmani Kingdom was founded by Hasan Gangu Bahmani.  He established an independent Muslim state of Deccan in India’s southern provinces.  The Bahmani Kingdom began to expand following the triumph of the insurrection against Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq in … Continue reading →