Maratha Kingdom

The Marathas, spearheaded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, emerged as a prominent force in India during the late 17th century.

The Marathas originated in the Deccan Plateau, primarily in present-day Maharashtra.
Their early history was rooted in local warrior clans who served regional rulers like the Deccan Sultanates.
The rise of the Marathas as an independent power began under Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in the 17th century.

He was the founder of the Maratha Empire
Shivaji established a strong and centralized administration with Raigad as his capital.
Known for his military strategies, particularly guerrilla warfare or “Ganimi Kava”.
Successfully resisted the Mughal Empire and other adversaries like the Bijapur Sultanate.
Introduced reforms in revenue systems and administration, ensuring welfare for peasants and stability in governance.
His council of ministers was famously known as the Ashtapradhan and included Peshwas (Prime Minister), Amatyas (Finance Minister), Panditrao (High Priest) and others.

After Shivaji’s death in 1680, his successors, including Sambhaji, continued to expand Maratha influence.
The Marathas clashed with Aurangzeb during his Deccan campaigns but resisted his efforts to subjugate them.
By the early 18th century, leaders like Peshwa Baji Rao I extended Maratha power across India, controlling large territories.

Adopted a decentralized system of governance with autonomous regional chiefs (sardars).
Efficient tax collection system, notably the Chauth (25% tax on revenues) and Sardeshmukhi (additional 10% tax).
Their cavalry was the backbone of their military, known for swift and strategic operations.

The Marathas were instrumental in challenging the Mughal Empire during its decline.
They emerged as the dominant power in the 18th century, filling the vacuum left by the weakening Mughal authority.
Played a key role in defending India against foreign invasions, such as Ahmad Shah Durrani’s attacks.

The Marathas laid the foundation for future Indian resistance against colonial powers.
Inspired local resistance against foreign dominance, making them significant in Indian history.
Despite their decline after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) and British annexation, their influence shaped the political and cultural identity of India.