It is an international treaty formed in the Rio Earth Summit ( 1992) to coordinate the global response to climate change.

• Headquarters: Bonn, Germany 
• Objectives
  • The primary role of UNFCCC is to provide a framework for negotiating specific international treaties, known as “protocols.”
  • UNFCCC itself sets no binding limits but aims to stabilize greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level preventing dangerous consequences.
• Funding: Under Green Environment Fund (GEF)
• Major COPs and Outcomes
  • COP 3 (1997): Kyoto Protocol (First treaty with binding emission reduction targets for developed countries)
  • COP 7 (2007): Marrakech Accords (Detailed rules for Kyoto Protocol; established Adaptation Fund for developing countries)
  • COP 11 (2005): Montreal Action Plan (Extended Kyoto Protocol beyond 2012; negotiated deeper emission cuts)
  • COP 13 ( 2007): Bali Action Plan
  • COP 16 (2010): Established the Green Climate Fund (GCF).
  • COP 21 (2015): Paries Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
  • COP 26 (2021): Glasgow Climate Pact (First explicit mention of “phasing down coal”)
  • COP 27 (2022): Loss and Damage Fund established for vulnerable nations; Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan; kept 1.5°C alive
  • COP 28 (2023): Dubai Agreement (First Global Stocktake; signaled “beginning of the end of fossil fuel era”; tripling of climate finance)
  • COP 29 (2024): $300 billion/year climate finance target by 2035 for developing countries; operationalized Paris Agreement Articles 6.2 & 6.4.
  • COP 30 (2025): Belém Package (Tripled adaptation funding by 2035; launched Just Transition Mechanism; strengthened tropical forest protection).

Source: Down To Earth