Significance of Biodiversity Food Webs: Supporting complex food chains and webs that transfer energy and nutrients. Nutrient Cycling: Breaking down and recycling organic matter, ensuring essential nutrients are available for all organisms. Natural Pest Control: Predators keep prey populations in … Continue reading →

Sufi Movement Sufi Cult or Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam, a school of practice that emphasises the spiritual search for God and rejects materialism. It is a style of Islamic mysticism that emphasises asceticism.  The word Sufi means … Continue reading →

Impact of Bhakti Movement The Bhakti saints were also social reformers. The evil practice of Sati and caste rigidities received some setbacks. Women were encouraged to join kirtans. Mirabai, Laila (Kashmir) and Andal composed verses that are popular even today. … Continue reading →

Age of Invasions 712 CE – Mohamed Bin Qasim, an Arab invaded Sind which was ruled by Dahir. 1025 CE – Mahmud of Ghazni invaded the subcontinent Mahmud of Ghazni was the first independent ruler of the Ghaznavid dynasty, reigning … Continue reading →

Rise of Rajputs The warrior clan known as the Rajputs—meaning “son of a king” or “raja-putra”—claim to be descended from the Hindu warrior classes that once ruled northern India. They ruled from western, central, and northern India to some areas … Continue reading →

Vakatakas The Vakataka dynasty controlled regions of central and southern India between the third and sixth centuries CE. They held their capital in Nandivardhana (modern-day Nanded, Maharashtra). Vindhyashakti was the founder of the Vakataka Dynasty. Territorial expansion began during the … Continue reading →

Why in the news? The Ministry of Minority Affairs has launched an additional module on the UMEED Portal to allow widows, divorced women, and orphans to apply for maintenance support from Waqf-alal-aulad properties. UMEED Portal Full Form: Unified Waqf Management, … Continue reading →

Why in the news? A recent analysis shows that about 30% of MPs and MLAs in India face serious criminal cases, with the share of such MPs having more than doubled since 2009. Criminalisation of Politics Definition: Criminalisation of politics … Continue reading →

Why in the news? A nationwide report on Women’s Safety NARI 2025 was released by the National Commission for Women. National Annual Report and Index on Women’s Safety(NARI), 2025 What is it?: It is a report on the safety status … Continue reading →

Why in the news? The enrolment of students in the age group of 3 to 11 has seen a drop in 2024-25 compared to the previous year according to the latest data of UDISE+ released by the Ministry of Education. … Continue reading →