National Framework of Early Childhood Stimulation (NFECS), 2024 Target Group: NFECS focuses on children aged from birth to three years. Aim: Empower caregivers and Anganwadi workers with knowledge and tools for optimal early stimulation. Promote holistic child development, encompassing physical, … Continue reading →

Higher Education in India Definition: Denotes the tertiary level education that is imparted after 12 years of schooling. This includes undergraduate courses such as bachelor’s degrees, postgraduate courses such as master’s degrees and doctoral programs, as well as professional courses. … Continue reading →

Foreign Institutions in Higher Education Policy Backing NEP 2020 has proposed allowing top global universities to establish campuses in India. This marks a significant shift in the country’s approach to foreign institutions. Regulation The University Grants Commission (UGC) and All … Continue reading →

Education Constitutional Provisions The 86th Amendment Act, 2002 added the Right to Education as a fundamental right under Article 21 A, changed the subject matter of Article 45, and added a Fundamental duty under article 51 A.  Article 21 A: … Continue reading →

India through the eyes of Travellers Megasthenes (302- 298 BCE) Ancient Greek historian, diplomat and explorer in the Hellenistic period. Visited during the reign of Chandra Gupta Maurya. Observed that the caste system existed in India. But  there was no … Continue reading →

Maratha Kingdom The Marathas, spearheaded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, emerged as a prominent force in India during the late 17th century. Origins of the Marathas The Marathas originated in the Deccan Plateau, primarily in present-day Maharashtra. Their early history was … Continue reading →

Jahangir: 1605 – 1627 CE Reign: Jahangir’s reign was marked by political stability, a strong economy, and cultural achievements. He ruled over a religiously diverse population with tolerance and acceptance.  Jahangir’s favorite wife Mehr-un-Nisa, also known as Nur Jahan had … Continue reading →

Akbar (1556-1605) Akbar was only thirteen years old when Humayun died. When Akbar’s father died, he was at Kalanaur, Punjab, therefore his coronation took place there in 1556. Bairam Khan, his instructor, and Humayun’s favorite and confidant acted as the … Continue reading →

Mughal Empire: 1526 – 1857 CE Babur founded the Mughal empire in 1526, after defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat. The “Great Mughals” dynasty, consisting of Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb, made significant contributions … Continue reading →

Bahmani Empire: (1347-1527 CE) The Bahmani Kingdom was founded by Hasan Gangu Bahmani.  He established an independent Muslim state of Deccan in India’s southern provinces.  The Bahmani Kingdom began to expand following the triumph of the insurrection against Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq in … Continue reading →