Modern History
Land Revenue System
Zamindari System The Zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement. Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by intermediaries known as Zamindars. The share of the government in the total … Continue reading
Socio and Religious Reform: Sikh Reform Movements
Singh Sabha Movement To strengthen Sikhism, a small group of prominent Sikhs led by Thakur Singh Sandhawalia and Giani Gian Singh founded the Singh Sabha of Amritsar on October 1, 1873. Objective: To restore Sikhism to its pristine purity, to … Continue reading
Socio and Religious Reform: Parsi Reform Movements
Rehnumai Mazdayasan Sabha Founded by Dadabhai Naoroji, J.B. Wacha, S.S. Bangali, and Naoroji Furdoonji in 1851. The objective of the association was “the regeneration of the social conditions of the Parsis and the restoration of the Zoroastrian religion to its … Continue reading
Socio and Religious Reform: Muslim Reform Movements
Deoband Movement The Deoband Movement was organised by the orthodox section among the Muslim ulema as a revivalist movement. Objectives Propagating pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims Keeping alive the spirit of jihad against foreign rulers. The … Continue reading
Socio and Religious Reform: Hindu Reform Movements
Brahmo Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was later renamed Brahmo Samaj. Its chief aim was the worship of the eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals, and sacrifices. It focused on prayers, meditation, and … Continue reading
Socio and Religious Reform: Factors Led to Reforms
Factors Leading to Reforms Spread of liberal ideologies and Western culture by the British. The Spread of Western education generated new awareness. Common Issues of Indian Society in the Early 19th Century The practice of sati. Infanticide. Child marriage. Casteism … Continue reading
Revolt of 1857
Causes of the Revolt Economic Causes Heavy taxation on people. Deteriorating economic conditions. Use of quo warranto in case of land. Confiscation of estates made old zamindars poor. Political Causes Annexation of Awadh on misgovernance. Introduction of policies like subsidiary … Continue reading
British Expansion in Neighbouring Countries: Other Neighbours
Anglo – Nepal War Causes The expansionary attitude of Gorkhas and continued raids in the Awadh region. The conflict started when Gorkhas captured Butwal and Sheoraj. Result – Treaty of Sugauli in 1816 The Kumaun and Garhwal kingdoms were among … Continue reading
British Expansion in Neighbouring Countries: Anglo – Burmese Wars
First Burma War (1824 -26) Causes Burmese expansion to the west and occupation of Arakan and Manipur. British force’s occupation of Rangoon in 1824. Result – Treaty of Yandabo Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) Cause – Lord Dalhousie’s expansionist policy and … Continue reading
British Expansion in Neighbouring Countries: Anglo-Afghan Wars
First Anglo-Afghan War ( (1839-1842) Background The British sought to replace Dost Mohammed Khan with a more compliant ruler, Shah Shuja, who had been dethroned in 1809. Shah Shuja was seen as a pro-British alternative. Treaty of Lahore (June 1838) … Continue reading