Why in the news?

  • The CITES recommends that India’s wildlife authorities pause the issuance of permits that allow endangered animals to be imported by zoos, and wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centres.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

  • Also known as: Washington Convention.
  • Adopted: 1973; Entered into force: 1 July 1975.
  • Aim: To ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival in the wild.
  • Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
  • Secretariat: Provided by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
  • Membership
    • Total Members:  ~184 Parties (as of 2024).
    • India: Became a party in 1976.
  • Key Features
    • Legally binding: Parties are obligated to adopt domestic legislation to enforce CITES, though it does not replace national laws.
    • Trade regulation: Controls trade through a system of permits and certificates.
    • Species listings: Species are listed in three Appendices:
      • Appendix I: Species threatened with extinction — trade permitted only in exceptional circumstances (e.g., tigers, Asian elephants).
      • Appendix II: Species not necessarily threatened but may become so unless trade is strictly regulated (e.g., certain orchids, corals).
      • Appendix III: Species protected in at least one country that has requested assistance in controlling trade.
  • India and CITES
    • India has enacted the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which aligns with CITES provisions.
    • Active in proposing stricter protections for several species, including sharks, sea cucumbers, and rosewood.
    • Indian agencies like the Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) work in coordination with CITES.
  • Significance of CITES
    • Biodiversity conservation: Helps curb over-exploitation of species through trade.
    • International cooperation: Promotes global efforts for species conservation and strengthens wildlife protection networks.
    • Combats illegal wildlife trade: Supports customs and enforcement agencies in identifying illegal shipments.
  • Challenges Faced by CITES
    • Illegal trade persists: Despite controls, wildlife trafficking continues through clandestine channels.
    • Enforcement gaps: Variations in national capacities and legislation among member countries.
    • Balancing conservation and livelihoods: Some local communities depend on trade in wildlife products.