- Formation: The formation of these soil is mainly governed by the deposition of organic matter derived from the forest and changes with parent rocks, ground configuration and climate.
- Fact: Cover 8.67 % of the area
- Characteristics
- It is thin-layered and the profiles and horizons are poorly developed.
- It is vulnerable to soil erosion.
- It is a loamy soil where sand, silt, and clay are in mixed form.
- Composition: Rich in organic content and deficit in others.
- Distribution: Himalayas, Himalayan foothills, mountain slopes of Western Ghats, Nilgiri, Annamalai, and Cardamom hills.
- Crops
- Western Ghats: Tea, coffee, spices
- Himalayas: Maize, barley, temperate fruits