Three-Tier Government Initially, India had only the Union and State governments, but by the 73rd and 74th amendments, the third tier of governance was adopted, which made the grassroots penetration of governance.  Cooperative Societies Part IX-B of the constitution contains … Continue reading →

Independent Bodies The constitution provides constitutional backing to independent bodies like  Election Commission, Comptroller and Auditor-General of India, Union Public Service Commission, State Public Service Commission. The Constitution ensures the independence of these bodies through various provisions like security of … Continue reading →

Universal Adult Franchise It acts as the basis of elections to the Lok Sabha and the state legislative assemblies.  Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination of caste, … Continue reading →

India adopted the concept of positive secularism by  giving equal respect to all religions. The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution … Continue reading →

The feature of fundamental duties was added during the operation of internal emergency (1975–77) by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.  It is inspired by the Soviet Constitution. Article 51 A … Continue reading →

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called the Directive Principles of State Policy the ‘novel feature’ of the Indian Constitution. They are mentioned in Part IV of the Indian Constitution. They can be classified into three broad categories–socialist, Gandhian, and liberal intellectual.  The … Continue reading →

Part III of the Indian Constitution deals with fundamental rights given to Indian citizens. The Fundamental Rights are meant for promoting the idea of political democracy.  They operate as limitations on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary laws of … Continue reading →

The doctrine of sovereignty of Parliament is associated with the British Parliament, while the principle of judicial supremacy with that of the American Supreme Court. The scope of judicial review power of the Supreme Court in India is narrower than … Continue reading →

Integrated Judiciary The Indian judiciary system is integrated with the Supreme Court as the apex court, which is followed by the High Courts, which are the state’s highest courts, and further down the hierarchy are some lower courts. Independence of  … Continue reading →

Basic Features The Constitution of India has opted for the British Parliamentary System of Government rather than the American Presidential System of Government. The parliamentary system is based on the principle of co-operation and coordination between the legislative and executive … Continue reading →