Modern History

Basics The INA trials, also known as the Red Fort trials, were British Indian court-martials held from November 1945 to May 1946. These trials involved several officers of the Indian National Army (INA) who faced charges of treason, torture, murder, … Continue reading →

Formation: The Azad Hind Fauj, also known as the Indian National Army (INA), was first established by Mohan Singh in 1942. Revival: It was revived by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in 1943 during the Second World War. Aim: To secure … Continue reading →

Proposal and Aim Proposed by: The Wavell Plan was proposed by Lord Archibald Wavell, British Viceroy of India, in 1945. Aim: To address the growing demand for Indian independence and provide a roadmap for constitutional progress. What was the Plan? Except … Continue reading →

Aim – Aiming to resolve the deadlock between the Muslim League and Congress, Bhulabhai Desai and Liaqat Ali Khan drafted the pact. Provisions were aimed at forming an interim government : Congress and the league nominate equal members to the … Continue reading →

What was it? The formula was put forward by C. Rajagopalachari. It was a tactical acceptance of Pakistan to gain Muslim League’s cooperation for the Indian independence efforts. Key Provisions The formula advocated for granting India dominion status within the … Continue reading →

Gandhi’s Fast (1943) In response to the government’s call to denounce violence, Gandhi began a fast in February 1943. People’s Reaction  Protests were held both at home and abroad in the form of hartals, demonstrations, and strikes.  The viceroy’s executive … Continue reading →

Launch The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Revolution, was launched by Gandhi in response to the failure of the Cripps Mission, widespread public discontent, and Britain’s defeat in Southeast Asia. Slogan was “Do or Die”. Quit India’s … Continue reading →

Objective Stafford Cripps came to India with constitutional proposals to gain India’s support for the war. Reasons for Cripps Mission In Southeast Asia, the Japanese threat of invading India became serious, and India’s cooperation became critical. Pressure from Britain’s allies … Continue reading →

What was it?: Individual Satyagraha was Gandhi’s nonviolent protest movement that began in 1940.  Aim: The movement’s goal was to affirm the right to free speech and to protest the British government’s discriminatory policies.  Reason for Launch: The movement emerged … Continue reading →

Reasons It emerged in response to the Indian National Congress’s increased political activism and growing demands for self-government. Aim To secure India’s help in the British war efforts. Provisions Dominion status for India. Expansion of the viceroy’s executive council to … Continue reading →