General Studies 1

France in the 18th Century   At the onset of the French Revolution, France was the most populated nation in Europe. Despite its growing wealth and prestige, the country faced social and political challenges.  French society was divided into three estates: … Continue reading →

Parties Involved in the American Civil War War was fought between the Union (North) and the Confederacy (South). Causes of the American Civil War Slavery: The main issue was the southern states wanted to expand slavery, while the north opposed … Continue reading →

Basics  Occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783.  It was an ideological and political revolution. It was the first decolonization movement in the world. Thirteen North American Colonies of Great Britain got Independence from the ‘Mother Country’ (Great … Continue reading →

What was the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution was a transformative era, beginning in the late 18th century. It was a period of rapid industrialization and technological advancements, bringing about significant changes to society and the global economy marking a … Continue reading →

India – Pakistan War (1947 – 48) Context and Causes Partition of British India (1947): The partition created India and Pakistan, leading to large-scale migration and communal violence. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which was a Muslim-majority region, … Continue reading →

Chipko Movement (1973) Location: Uttarakhand (then Uttar Pradesh) Objective: To protect trees and forests from deforestation. Key Figures: Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad Bhatt Impact: The movement led to a ban on the felling of trees in the Himalayan regions and … Continue reading →

Reasons India experienced economic and political issues in the early 1970s. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s leadership was criticized by the opposition parties, particularly the socialist and Janata alliances. Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) was … Continue reading →

What is it? The LPG reforms in India refer to a series of economic liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies introduced in the early 1990s. This reforms aim to deal with the economic crisis of 1991 and to transform India’s … Continue reading →

What is it? India’s Five Year Plans were a series of economic development initiatives launched by the Government of India to achieve specific objectives within a five-year period. The plans were primarily designed to focus on various aspects of the … Continue reading →

Steps Taken for Tribal Integration Tribal Panchsheel Agreement – Initial Step: In the early 1950s, Nehru signed the Panchsheel Agreement with Naga chiefs, recognizing Naga Hills’ autonomy. While this did not entirely address the subsequent Naga rebellion, it did represent … Continue reading →