Leaders
- Early Phase – By moderate leaders like K.K Mitra, and Surendranath Banerjee.
- Later Phase – By extremists
- Poona and Mumbai – Bal Gangadhar Tilak
- Punjab – Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh
- Madras – V.O . Chidambaram Pillai
Famous Slogan
- “Political freedom is the life breath of a nation” by Aurobindo Ghosh.
Basic Ideas Put Forward
- Boycott of foreign goods and establishment of indigenous industries. For example
- Ramesh Chandra Ray – Pharma Industry.
- V.O. Chidambaram Pillai – Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company at Tuticorin.
- TATA – Iron and Steel at Jamshedpur.
- To mobilise the masses, public meetings and processions were organised.
- Committees were set up to mobilise the masses like the Swadesh Bandhab Samiti of Ashwini Kumar Dutta.
- Culture Elements
- Amar Sonar Bangla by Rabindranath Tagore.
- Theatre for Jatras.
- Revival of Indian arts like the Bengal School of Painting.
- Education
- The Bengal National College inspired by Tagore’s Shantiniketan was set up.
- The National Council of Education was established and Aurobindo formulated the National Education Policy in 1906.
Societal Reaction
- Students participated in large numbers by boycotting British institutions.
- Women from the urban middle class participated by picketing liquor shops.
- Lower-class Muslims participated and upper and middle-class Muslims stayed away.
- Labour class took active participation by carrying out strikes.