Architecture in Medieval India

Historical Background

• By the 12th century CE, the throne of Delhi had been occupied by an Islamic ruler, marking the onset of the medieval period of Indian history which witnessed the emergence of new architectural features like calligraphy, ornamentation using inlay work, etc.
• The medieval period also saw a mix of local and Persian architecture that led to the emergence of new architecture called Indo-Islamic architecture.

 Basic Features of Indo-Islamic Architecture

• The use of arches and domes gained prominence during this period. It was known as the ‘Arcuate’ style of architecture which replaced the traditional Trabeate style of architecture.
• Introduced the use of minars.
• Mortar was used as a cementing agent in their constructions. 
• The Indo-Islamic architecture avoided the use of human and animal figures.
• The Indo-Islamic architecture introduced spaciousness, massiveness, and breadth to it.
• The Indo-Islamic architecture used calligraphy as a means of decoration.
• The Arabesque method was used for decoration and geometrical vegetal ornamentation was also used.
• Heavily used the principles of geometry.
• The buildings had intricate jali works, which signifies the importance of light in the Islamic religion. 
• The use of water in the premises of the constructions in the form of courtyard pools, fountains, and small drains which are used for religious purposes, to cool the premises, and decorative purposes.
• Introduced the Charbagh style of gardening.
• The architects of these times also used the pietra-dura technique for the inlay of precious coloured stones and gems into the walls for decoration. 

Pic Credit – Wikimedia Commons

• Use of foreshortening technique in the buildings, such that the inscriptions appear to be closer than they really are.
  

Differences between Arcuate Style and Trabeate Style