Why in the news? Scientists have discovered a rare quadruple star system in our Milky Way galaxy called UPM J1040−3551 AabBab. It is the first known system where two brown dwarfs orbit around two red dwarf stars. UPM J1040−3551 AabBab … Continue reading →

Constitutional Provision Articles 256 to 263 in Part XI of the Constitution deal with the administrative relations between the Centre and the states.  Distribution of Executive Powers The executive power has been divided between the Centre and the states on … Continue reading →

Constitutional Provisions Legislative relations between Center and State are placed under Articles 245 to 255 in Part XI of the Constitution. There are four aspects in the Centre-states legislative relations Article 245 – Territorial Extent of Central and State Legislation … Continue reading →

Chola Rulers Vijayalaya (847 – 871 CE) Founder of the Chola Empire: In 815 CE, he overthrew the Mutharaiyar in Tanjore and erected a Durga shrine. In 850, he founded the Chola monarchy of the imperial line and constructed the … Continue reading →

Chola Empire Between the 9th and 13th century CE, the Chola dynasty governed a vast portion of the southern Indian peninsula as well as some portions of Southeast Asia.  The Chola dynasty is broadly split into three periods: the Early … Continue reading →

Pandya Empire The Pandya Kingdom, or Madurai Pandyas, was a medieval Tamil kingdom in South India. It was a prehistoric Tamil nation in present-day South India.  The Pandyas were one of three ancient Tamil kingdoms that ruled the Tamil nation … Continue reading →

Rashtrakuta Dynasty (753 – 982 CE) The Rashtrakuta Empire ruled over the Deccan for over 200 years, until the end of the 10th century. At different times, it also held territories in north and south India. Important Rulers Dantidurga- The … Continue reading →

Pala Dynasty The Pala Dynasty was an influential Indian dynasty that ruled over regions of Bengal and Bihar. Their capital was initially at Gaur (near modern-day Malda in West Bengal) and later at Nalanda, which was a prominent centre of … Continue reading →

Tripartite Struggle: Fight for Kannauj Gurjara-Pratiharas The Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty controlled North India from the sixth to the eleventh century. The dynasty’s name is a mixture of two words: Gurjara, which is said to allude to the territory of present-day Gujarat, … Continue reading →

Basics They established their kingdom in the Western Deccan at the beginning of the sixth century CE, with Vatapi (modern-day Badami) serving as their capital. Pulakeshin I founded this empire. He conducted the Ashvamedha, declaring himself sovereign. Pulakeshin II was … Continue reading →