General Studies 2

Articles  Provisions Article 40 To organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government Article 43 To promote cottage industries on an individual or corporation basis in rural areas … Continue reading →

Articles  Provisions Article 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people Article 39 To secure  (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources … Continue reading →

Basics The Directive Principles of State Policy are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution from Articles 36 to 51. Borrowed from Irish Constitution. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar described these principles as ‘novel features’ of the Indian Constitution.  The Directive Principles … Continue reading →

Article 31 A – Saving of Laws Providing for Acquisition of Estates, etc. Article 31A protects specific laws from being invalidated for violating fundamental rights under Article 14 (equality before the law) and Article 19 (freedom rights). The following laws … Continue reading →

Effecting Certain Laws and Fundamental Laws (Article 35) Article 35 lays down that the power to make laws, to give effect to certain specified fundamental rights shall vest only in the Parliament and not in the state legislatures.  This provision … Continue reading →

What is it?: Martial Law and Fundamental Rights Article 34 provides for restrictions on fundamental rights when martial law is in force to maintain or restore order in extraordinary situations. Indemnity laws made by Parliament under Article 34 cannot be … Continue reading →

What is it?: Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights Article 33 empowers Parliament to restrict fundamental rights of armed forces and similar services. The objective is to maintain discipline and ensure duty compliance in these forces. Only Parliament, not state legislatures, … Continue reading →

What is it?: Right to Constitutional Remedies Constitutional Remedies: Constitutional Remedies refer to the legal mechanisms provided by the constitution of a country to safeguard and enforce the fundamental rights of individuals. Types of Constitutional Remedies under Article 32 Habeas … Continue reading →

What is it?: Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions Article 30 grants the following rights to minorities, whether religious or linguistic: Minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The 44th Amendment … Continue reading →

What is it?: Protection of Interests of Minorities Article 29 provides that any section of the citizens residing in any part of India having a distinct language, script or culture, shall have the right to conserve the same.  Protects the … Continue reading →