Development of India’s Foreign Policy

Before Independence

• British used Nepal, and Afghanistan as buffer states against Chinese and Russian states respectively. 
• Even in the Indian Ocean region and in West Asia, British control was aimed to ensure the security of Indian borders.

After Independence

1. Indira Doctrine: It included a focus on security, by fighting militants abroad and strengthening border defenses.
2. Manmohan Doctrine: It was focused on creating Economic Interdependence through enhanced trade relations and regional integration.
3. Modi Era: Modi’s foreign policy is focused on improving relations with neighboring countries in South Asia, engaging the extended neighborhood of Southeast Asia and the major global powers.