Revolutionary Activities During 1920s

Reason

Gandhi’s immediate withdrawal from the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Regions with Major Movements

Punjab, UP, and Bihar Belt
1. Hindustan Republican Association (1924)
  - Formation: Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was a revolutionary organization in India established in 1924.
  - Leaders: Initial leaders were Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen, and Pratul Ganguly (offshoot of Anushilan Samiti).
  - Objective: Its objective was to establish a “Federal Republic of the United States of India” through an organised and armed revolution.
  - Second Phase Leaders: The second phase leaders were Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, Sukhdev, Ram Prasad Bismil, Roshan Singh, Ashfaqulla Khan, and Rajendra Lahiri.
  - Associated Revolutionary Activities
    1. Kakori Robbery (1925)
      - Location: Near Lucknow.
      - Aim: To steal the train’s official railway cash.
      - Result of Incident: The move failed and 17 were imprisoned, four were sentenced to life in prison, and four were hanged: Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan, Roshan Singh, and Rajendra Lahiri.
    2. Murder of Saunders (Lahore, December 1928)
      - Reason: The death of ‘Sher-i-Punjab’, Lala Lajpat Rai as a result of lathi blows received during a lathi charge on an anti-Simon Commission procession (October 1928) prompted them to return to the individual assassination.
      - Result
        
        Saunders, the police official responsible for the Lahore lathi charge, was shot dead by Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, and Rajguru.
        
        They had misidentified Saunders as Superintendent of Police James Scott, who was in charge of the lathi charge against Lala Lajpat Rai and his followers.
    3. Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 1929)
      - Leaders: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were asked to throw a bomb at the Central Legislative Assembly.
      - Reason: In protest of the passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill, both of which aimed to limit the civil liberties of citizens in general and workers in particular.
      - Slogan Used: The bombs were purposefully designed to be harmless and aimed to make “the deaf hear.”
      - Method Used: The goal was to be arrested and use the trial court as a forum for propaganda for people to become acquainted with their movement and ideology.
      - Trial of Leaders: In the Lahore conspiracy case, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were tried.
      - Protest in Jail and Incidents
        
        In jail, these revolutionaries fasted in protest of the deplorable conditions and demanded honourable and decent treatment as political prisoners.
        
        On the 64th day of his fast, Jatin Das became the first martyr.
      - Death of Chandrashekar Azad
        
        In December 1929, Azad was involved in an attempt to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Delhi.
        
        In February 1931, Azad was killed in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad. On March 23, 1931, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru were hanged.
Bengal Region
1. Chittagong Armory Raid (1931)
  - Major Leaders Involved: Surya Sen, Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, Nirmal Sen, Ambika Chakraborty, Anand Gupta, Pritilata Waddedar and Kalpana Dutta.
  - Goal: The idea was to capture the two main armories in Chittagong and then demolish the Telegraph and telephone office.