Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Unification of Germany

Factors Contributed 

1. Geographical Factors
   • One of the key factors was the abundant availability of natural resources, such as coal and iron, in the German regions. The need to harness these resources and promote industrialization necessitated a unified Germany.
   • The geographical unity of the German areas played a significant role in the unification process. The German states were situated in close proximity, facilitating communication and trade between them.
2. Role of Thinkers and Philosophers
   • The intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment played a crucial role in shaping the German identity and fostering a sense of national unity.
   • Thinkers and philosophers like J. G. Fichte and Friedrich Nietzsche championed the idea of German idealism and glorified the German people, language, and culture. Their ideas resonated with the masses and fueled the desire for a unified Germany.
3. Trade and Economy
   • • The progress of German unification was greatly facilitated by the establishment of the Zollverein, a customs union in Central Germany. 
4. Uprisings and Wars
   • The defeat of Napoleon and the subsequent exploitation of Germany by France under the Treaty of Campo Formio fueled the nationalist sentiments among the German population.
   • The  policies of Napoleon, such as the abolition of smaller states and the establishment of the state of Westphalia, contributed to the growing desire for a unified Germany.
5. Strong Leadership
   • The leadership of Otto von Bismarck, known for his “Blood and Iron policy”, played a pivotal role in the unification of Germany. 
   • Military reforms were initiated by Bismarck like reforms through direct taxation, new battle tactics, and increased conscription terms.
   • 1st War of Unification- Schleswig-Holstein under Denmark by London Protocol.
   • Bismarck successfully united the German states under the leadership of Prussia.
6. Role of Prussia:
   • Prussia, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, played a key role in the unification process.
   • Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, pursued a policy of “Blood and Iron” to achieve unification, focusing on military strength and diplomacy.

Result

• By the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD, Germany came into existence. Germany lacked a sense of identity until the 19th century.