What is Decolonization?
- Definition: Decolonization refers to the process by which colonies gained independence from European imperial powers, primarily after World War II (1945-1975).
Causes of Decolonization
- Impact of World War II (1939-1945)
- European powers weakened economically and militarily after the war.
- USA & USSR opposed colonialism and supported independence movements.
- Many colonies contributed troops and resources but received no rewards, increasing resentment.
- Rise of Nationalist Movements
- Indigenous leaders like Mahatma Gandhi (India), Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), and Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) led the resistance.
- Mass protests, revolts, and civil disobedience pressured colonial powers.
- Role of the United Nations (UN)
- Established in 1945, the UN Charter promoted self-determination.
- UN supported anti-colonial movements and monitored decolonization progress.
- Economic Burden on Colonial Powers
- Maintaining colonies became too expensive after WWII.
- European nations focused on rebuilding their economies instead of governing colonies.
- Cold War & Superpower Rivalry
- USA & USSR pressured European nations to decolonize.
- The Soviet Union encouraged socialist revolutions in colonies.